Animal substances such as myrrh, musk, and anbar were used along with roots of special trees and a few other spices. The barks that were used in Akbar's time according to Faizee were aloe, sandalwood, and cinnamon. Ībul Fazal Faizee gives another verdict of how Attar was used to making the Mabkhara-incense-burner. This type of Attar was prepared from mountainous flowers and given as a gift to the monarchs of Arabia. In Yemen, a special variety of ittar was introduced by Arwa al-Sulayhi, the Yemeni Queen. Liquid perfumes used to be a mixture of oil and crushed herbs until his discovery where he first experimented with roses. He was among the first people to come with the technique of distillation of roses and other plant fragrances. It was later refined and developed by al-Shaykh al-Rais, a renowned physician who made a distinctive type of aromatic product. They were formulated from plants and flowers before they could be added to other oils. The Egyptians were famous for producing perfumes throughout the ancient world. The earliest recorded mention of the techniques and methods used to produce essential oils is believed to be that of Ibn al-Baitar (1188–1248), an Al-Andalusian (Muslim-controlled Spain) physician, pharmacist and chemist. The word 'attar', 'ittar' or 'itra' is believed to have been derived from the Persian word itir, meaning 'perfume', which is in turn derived from the Arabic word 'itr ( عطر). These techniques are still in use today at Kannauj in India. Technically ittars are distillates of flowers, herbs, spices and other natural materials such as baked soil over sandalwood oil/liquid paraffins using hydrodistillation technique involving a still ( deg) and receiving vessel ( bhapka). The aging period can last from one to ten years depending on the botanicals used and the results desired. The oils are generally distilled into a wood base such as sandalwood and then aged.
Attar can also be expressed by chemical means but generally natural perfumes which qualify as ittars are distilled with water. Ibn Sina was first to derive the attar of flowers from distillation. Most commonly these oils are extracted via hydro or steam distillation. Ittar, also known as attar, is an essential oil derived from botanical or other natural sources.
#Mitti attar oil skin#
The bottles are for aging the perfume (the skin breathes, allowing the water to evaporate while holding in the fragrance and oil, becoming a perfume, or attar.)
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